Your restaurant’s IT budget should land between 2-5% of projected revenue, but here’s what trips up most new owners: first-year costs run 30-50% higher than ongoing expenses, and hidden fees from payment processing, software updates, and emergency repairs add another 20-40% on top of your initial estimates. The non-negotiables are a reliable POS system ($1,200 to $25,000+ depending on complexity), robust cybersecurity (60% of small restaurants that suffer a data breach shut down within six months), and enough contingency funding to handle the surprises that will absolutely come your way.

Key Takeaways

• Allocate 2-5% of projected annual revenue to technology infrastructure, with the understanding that year one demands 30-50% more capital due to hardware purchases, installation, and training costs that won’t recur.
• POS systems consume the largest chunk of your IT budget—anywhere from $1,200 for basic cloud setups to $25,000+ for multi-terminal on-premise systems with full integration capabilities.
• Cybersecurity isn’t optional; it’s survival. With 64% of restaurants having experienced a data breach and average breach costs hitting $2.2 million, the $100-$500 monthly investment in protection looks like the bargain it is.
• Cloud-based solutions typically beat on-premise alternatives for new restaurants because they require less upfront capital, scale more easily, and include automatic updates in the subscription price.
• Hidden costs will find you regardless of how carefully you plan, so build a 15-20% contingency fund into your budget from day one and treat it as untouchable money.

What Should Be Included in a Restaurant IT Budget?

The phrase “IT budget” conjures images of server rooms and help desks, but restaurant technology has become something far more practical. Your IT spending covers every digital system that keeps food moving from kitchen to table and money moving from customer to bank account.

At minimum, a restaurant IT budget accounts for:

Hardware: POS terminals, kitchen display screens, receipt and label printers, networking equipment (routers, switches, access points), tablets for tableside service, and security cameras.

Software: Point-of-sale applications, inventory management platforms, employee scheduling tools, reservation systems, accounting software, and online ordering integrations.

Infrastructure: Internet service (primary and backup connections), cloud storage, data backup solutions, and the physical cabling that connects everything.

Security: Firewall protection, antivirus software, PCI compliance measures, and staff security training.

Ongoing costs: Software subscription fees, payment processing charges, maintenance contracts, and the inevitable emergency repair fund.

The mistake most new owners make? They budget for the equipment they can see while ignoring the recurring costs that show up every month. A POS system isn’t a one-time purchase—it’s a monthly relationship that includes software fees, transaction charges, and periodic hardware refreshes.

How Much Should a Small Restaurant Spend on Tech?

Industry benchmarks vary by service model, and the differences aren’t trivial. A quick-service operation has fundamentally different technology needs than a fine dining establishment, and their budgets should reflect that reality.

Restaurant IT Spending Benchmarks by Service Type

These percentages assume you’re past the initial setup phase. First-year spending typically runs 30-50% above these baselines because you’re purchasing hardware that will last 3-7 years, paying installation fees, and absorbing the productivity loss that comes with training staff on new systems.

A fast-casual restaurant projecting $800,000 in first-year revenue should plan for roughly $32,000-$48,000 in initial IT investment (4-6% accounting for setup premium), settling into $24,000-$32,000 annually once systems are established.

The 43% of new restaurant owners who underestimate first-year IT costs by 30% or more often find themselves making emergency purchasing decisions—and emergency purchases rarely come with favorable terms.

Best Practices for Creating an Efficient IT Budget to Maximize ROI

Smart restaurant IT planning starts long before you sign a lease. The owners who build technology into their business plan from the beginning consistently outperform those who treat IT as an afterthought.

Start with a Technology Needs Assessment

Your restaurant concept dictates your technology requirements. A counter-service sandwich shop has no use for a tableside ordering system, while a 200-seat steakhouse can’t function efficiently without one.

Map your service model to specific technology needs:

Order flow: How do orders enter your system? Counter, table, online, third-party delivery apps, or some combination?

Kitchen communication: Will a paper ticket system suffice, or do you need kitchen display screens with timing and routing capabilities?

Payment processing: Do you need tableside payment, self-checkout kiosks, or traditional counter terminals?

Inventory complexity: Are you tracking dozens of SKUs or thousands? How critical is waste reduction to your margins?

Labor scheduling: How many employees will you manage, and how complex are your shift patterns?

The answers shape everything from your POS selection to your network infrastructure requirements.

Build in Contingency for Hidden Costs

The 20% contingency rule exists because technology projects universally cost more than quoted. This isn’t vendor deception—it’s the accumulated weight of small decisions and unforeseen complications.

Common surprise costs that catch new restaurant owners:

• Installation fees that weren’t included in equipment quotes
• Network infrastructure upgrades required by modern POS systems
• Integration costs for connecting systems that “should” talk to each other
• Training time that pulls staff from revenue-generating activities
• Data migration from legacy systems or spreadsheets
• Permit and inspection fees for certain equipment installations
• Extended warranties you didn’t plan to buy but probably should

Treat your contingency fund as spoken for. If you reach opening day without touching it, congratulations—you’ve built a maintenance reserve. If you’re like most owners, you’ll have found several essential uses for that money.

How to Allocate Your Restaurant IT Budget to Improve Operations and Cost Savings

Strategic IT budget allocation means putting dollars where they generate returns, not where they sound impressive. The restaurant that invests heavily in marketing technology while running an unreliable POS system has its priorities backward.

IT Budget Allocation Framework

Notice that customer-facing glamour technology—digital menu boards, loyalty apps, interactive ordering—doesn’t dominate this allocation. Those systems have value, but they deliver that value only when the foundational infrastructure works flawlessly.

The restaurant technology market is projected to reach $17.5 billion by 2027, growing at 15.1% annually. That growth isn’t driven by flashy innovations; it’s driven by operators realizing that reliable, integrated technology directly impacts their bottom line. Seventy-eight percent of restaurant operators now say technology gives them a competitive edge.

What Is the Cost of a POS System?

POS pricing discussions get complicated quickly because you’re evaluating multiple cost categories that interact in non-obvious ways.

Hardware costs cover the physical equipment: terminals, card readers, receipt printers, cash drawers, and kitchen printers. Basic tablet-based setups start around $500-$1,500 per terminal; purpose-built restaurant terminals run $1,500-$4,000 each.

Software costs typically follow a subscription model for cloud systems ($50-$300 per terminal monthly) or require a one-time license purchase for on-premise solutions ($500-$2,000 per terminal, plus annual maintenance fees).

Payment processing fees represent the largest ongoing cost, typically 2.3-3.5% plus $0.10-$0.30 per transaction. On $500,000 in annual card sales, that’s $11,500-$19,000 per year—far exceeding your hardware and software costs combined.

Cloud vs. On-Premise POS Systems

For most new restaurants, cloud-based POS systems make sense. The lower upfront cost preserves capital for other needs, automatic updates ensure you’re always running current software, and the flexibility to access reports and make menu changes remotely has practical daily value.

Sixty-seven percent of new restaurants now choose cloud-based POS over traditional on-premise systems, and that percentage continues climbing.

Looking for guidance on POS architecture that fits your concept? Explore SpecGravity’s restaurant IT solutions for expert analysis tailored to your operation.

Which IT Solutions Should I Prioritize in My Restaurant Budget to Boost Efficiency and Security?

Budget constraints force prioritization. When you can’t fund everything at once, a tiered approach ensures you’re building on a solid foundation rather than decorating a shaky structure.

Tier 1: Non-Negotiable IT Investments

These systems are mandatory. Without them, you either can’t operate legally or you’re taking unacceptable business risks.

POS System: Your operational backbone. Every order, every payment, every sales report flows through this system. Underspending here creates daily friction that compounds over time.

Reliable Internet with Backup: Cloud-based systems require connectivity. A backup connection (cellular failover or secondary ISP) costs $50-$150 monthly and prevents the complete operational shutdown that occurs when your primary connection fails during Saturday dinner service.

Basic Cybersecurity Suite: Firewall, antivirus, and secure Wi-Fi segregation (keeping customer Wi-Fi separate from your business network). This isn’t optional; it’s the minimum for PCI compliance.

Payment Processing Infrastructure: EMV chip readers, contactless payment capability, and proper encryption. Liability for fraudulent transactions shifts to merchants who don’t support current security standards.

Tier 2: High-Impact Efficiency Tools

These systems generate measurable returns within 3-12 months and should be funded immediately after Tier 1 requirements are met.

Kitchen Display Systems (KDS): Eliminate paper tickets, reduce errors, and track ticket times. The efficiency gains typically pay for the system within 2-5 months.

Inventory Management Software: Real-time tracking reduces waste, prevents stockouts, and identifies theft. Restaurants using proper inventory systems report 2-5% food cost reductions.

Employee Scheduling Platforms: Automated scheduling based on forecasted demand reduces labor cost by optimizing coverage. The $50-$150 monthly cost often generates $200-$500 in monthly savings.

Tier 3: Growth-Oriented Technology

Fund these after your foundation is solid and your operation is stable.

Online Ordering Integration: Direct ordering reduces third-party commission fees (15-30% per order). Builds customer data you own.

Customer Loyalty Programs: Increase visit frequency and average check size from existing customers—your most profitable acquisition channel.

Advanced Analytics and Reporting: Detailed insights into sales patterns, menu engineering opportunities, and labor optimization. Valuable, but only if someone will actually analyze and act on the data.

Do I Need Cybersecurity for My Restaurant?

The question answers itself: you need cybersecurity because you handle payment card data, and that makes you a target.

Restaurants present attractive targets for cybercriminals. They process high volumes of card transactions, often through systems managed by staff without security training, in environments where network security rarely receives expert attention.

Restaurant Cybersecurity Statistics

64% of restaurants have experienced a data breach at some point in their operation.

$2.2 million is the average total cost of a restaurant data breach when accounting for fines, legal fees, remediation, and lost business.

60% of small restaurants that experience a major data breach close permanently within six months.

$5,000-$100,000 per month in PCI non-compliance fines, depending on transaction volume and severity of violations.

$100-$500 monthly investment covers basic cybersecurity protection for most single-location restaurants.

The math is straightforward: a few hundred dollars monthly in prevention versus potential millions in breach costs and the strong possibility of losing your business entirely.

PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) compliance isn’t just good practice—it’s contractually required by every payment processor you’ll work with. Non-compliance exposes you to fines, increased processing fees, and potential loss of the ability to accept card payments at all.

Essential cybersecurity measures for restaurants:

• Network segmentation: Keep your POS network separate from guest Wi-Fi and any other systems
• Strong access controls: Unique logins for each employee, with permissions appropriate to their role
• Regular software updates: Patches close security vulnerabilities; delayed updates leave doors open
• Encrypted data transmission: All payment data should be encrypted in transit and at rest
• Employee training: Staff should recognize phishing attempts and understand basic security protocols
• Incident response plan: Know what to do if a breach occurs; response speed affects total damage

How to Plan IT Expenses for a New Restaurant

Technology planning follows your overall restaurant development timeline. Rushing IT decisions leads to expensive corrections; starting too late creates opening delays.

6-12 Months Before Opening

This phase focuses on research and strategic decisions. You’re not buying yet—you’re creating an informed plan.

Complete your technology needs assessment. Map every system you’ll need against your service model and budget constraints.

Research vendors in each category. Request demos, ask for references from similar restaurant concepts, and understand total cost of ownership—not just purchase price.

Plan your network infrastructure. Work with your architect or contractor to ensure adequate electrical capacity, ethernet drops in correct locations, and space for networking equipment.

Make major hardware decisions. POS selection drives many other choices; don’t commit to kitchen or inventory systems until your POS is determined.

3-6 Months Before Opening

Execution phase begins. You’re converting plans into orders and schedules.

Order equipment with lead times in mind. Some hardware ships in days; some takes weeks. Back-order situations happen. Order early enough that delays don’t cascade into opening delays.

Schedule installation. Coordinate with your construction timeline—networking infrastructure needs to go in before walls close, and POS installation requires a largely finished space.

Configure software. Menu building, employee setup, tax configuration, and system integrations all take longer than you expect.

Develop training plans. Identify your most tech-comfortable staff members to serve as power users who can train others and troubleshoot basic issues.

1-3 Months Before Opening

Testing and refinement. Everything should be installed; now you’re making sure it actually works.

Run system integration tests. Process test orders end-to-end. Send test data between systems. Verify that integrations work correctly under realistic conditions.

Conduct soft launch technology trials. Friends-and-family events serve a dual purpose: testing your service model and stress-testing your technology in realistic conditions.

Complete security audits. Verify PCI compliance. Confirm that network segmentation works correctly. Test backup internet failover.

Document everything. Create cheat sheets for common procedures, emergency contacts for each vendor, and troubleshooting guides for frequent issues.

Feeling overwhelmed by IT planning complexity? Schedule a free consultation with SpecGravity to create a customized technology roadmap for your restaurant.

What Are the Best Software Tools for Restaurants?

Software selection should prioritize integration capability over feature count. A mediocre system that talks seamlessly to your other platforms often outperforms an excellent standalone solution that creates data silos.

Essential Restaurant Software Categories and Leading Options

Point of Sale Toast, Square for Restaurants, Clover, Lightspeed Restaurant, SpotOn Selection criteria: Payment processing rates, integration ecosystem, hardware requirements, contract terms

Inventory Management MarketMan, BlueCart, Lightspeed Inventory, Restaurant365 (integrated with accounting) Selection criteria: POS integration quality, invoice processing automation, reporting depth

Employee Scheduling 7shifts, HotSchedules (now Fourth), Homebase, When I Work Selection criteria: Labor law compliance features, POS integration for demand forecasting, employee mobile experience

Reservations and Waitlist OpenTable, Resy, Yelp Reservations, Tock Selection criteria: Cover fee structure, POS integration, no-show management tools

Accounting Restaurant365, QuickBooks with restaurant integrations, Xero, MarginEdge Selection criteria: POS integration, multi-location support, restaurant-specific reporting

Online Ordering ChowNow, DoorDash Drive (white-label), Toast Online Ordering, direct POS integration Selection criteria: Commission structure, integration with your POS, branding control

When evaluating any software, request references from restaurants similar to yours in size and concept. Demo the actual product—not a sales presentation—and involve the staff members who will use it daily in the evaluation process.

Recommendations for Software and Hardware Investments in a Restaurant IT Budget for New Owners

First-time restaurant owners face a particular challenge: they need to make major technology decisions without operational experience to guide them. These recommendations reflect common patterns among successful new restaurant technology deployments.

Essential Hardware Checklist

POS terminals: At minimum, one terminal per service station. Plan for peak capacity, not average needs. Underspending here creates service bottlenecks during your busiest—and most profitable—periods.

Kitchen display screens: One per prep station, sized appropriately for viewing distance. Outdoor-rated screens if placed near heat sources or in open kitchen environments.

Receipt printers: Thermal printers at each customer-facing terminal; impact printers in kitchen environments (thermal paper doesn’t hold up to heat and moisture).

Cash drawer: Even if you plan to operate cashless, local regulations may require cash acceptance. Plan accordingly.

Networking equipment: Commercial-grade router and access points. Consumer equipment fails under restaurant workloads and environments. Budget $500-$1,500 for adequate networking hardware.

Tablets for tableside service: If your concept includes tableside ordering or payment, budget $300-$600 per device plus protective cases suitable for restaurant environments.

Security cameras: Minimum coverage of cash handling areas, inventory storage, and exterior entrances. Cloud-connected systems with 30+ days of storage.

Software Licensing Considerations

Monthly vs. annual billing: Annual payment typically offers 10-20% savings but reduces flexibility. For year one, monthly billing may be worth the premium while you confirm the software meets your needs.

Per-location vs. per-terminal pricing: Understand the scaling costs if you plan multi-location expansion. Some platforms that seem affordable at one location become expensive at five.

Contract length and cancellation terms: Avoid multi-year contracts during your first year of operation. You don’t yet know what will work for your specific situation.

Data portability: Can you export your data if you change systems? Historical sales data, customer information, and menu configurations have value—don’t let them become hostage to a vendor relationship.

Can IT Help Reduce Restaurant Labor Costs?

Technology solutions that reduce labor costs work through one of three mechanisms: automating tasks previously done by staff, improving scheduling efficiency to match labor to demand, or reducing errors that require labor-intensive correction.

Restaurants using integrated technology solutions report 15-25% reductions in labor costs, though results vary significantly based on starting efficiency and implementation quality.

Labor-Saving Technology ROI Analysis

Self-service kiosks work best in quick-service and fast-casual environments with high transaction volumes. They reduce order-taking labor while often increasing average check size through consistent upselling prompts.

Automated scheduling platforms analyze historical sales data and external factors (weather, local events, holidays) to forecast demand and suggest optimal staffing levels. The savings come from eliminating overstaffing during slow periods without causing service failures during busy times.

Kitchen display systems reduce food waste from misread or lost tickets, speed up order completion by providing timing information, and create accountability records that help identify training needs.

Inventory automation reduces the time managers spend on ordering, counting, and variance analysis while also reducing waste through better tracking and timelier reordering.

Tableside ordering tablets allow servers to cover more tables efficiently, reduce order errors from transcription mistakes, and speed up table turns by processing payment immediately.

The caveat: technology investment only reduces labor costs if you actually adjust staffing to reflect the efficiency gains. A KDS that speeds up your kitchen by 15% creates value only if you either reduce kitchen staff or serve more customers with the same staff.

What’s the ROI of IT Investments in Restaurants?

ROI calculations for restaurant technology require honest accounting of both costs and benefits. Most systems that seem expensive in isolation look quite different when evaluated against the problems they solve.

Hard ROI factors can be calculated directly: reduced labor hours, lower food waste percentages, decreased payment processing fees, fewer comped meals from errors, and time savings in administrative tasks.

Soft ROI factors are real but harder to quantify: improved customer experience, staff satisfaction, data-driven decision making, and reduced owner/manager stress from fighting constant operational fires.

Framework for Calculating Technology ROI

1. Identify the problem you’re solving. Be specific. “Better POS system” isn’t a problem; “losing $400 monthly to order errors and $600 to payment processing inefficiency” is a problem.
2. Quantify the current cost. Track actual losses, inefficiencies, or missed opportunities for at least 30 days before purchasing solutions.
3. Calculate total technology cost. Include hardware, software, installation, training time, and ongoing fees for the analysis period (typically 12-36 months).
4. Project realistic benefits. Use conservative estimates. If a vendor claims 30% improvement, plan for 15%. Account for implementation curve—benefits rarely appear immediately.
5. Determine payback period. Total investment divided by monthly benefit equals months to payback. Anything under 12 months is typically worthwhile; under 6 months is excellent.

Most restaurant technology investments show positive ROI within 6-18 months when properly implemented. The emphasis on “properly implemented” matters—a sophisticated system that staff don’t understand or use correctly may never generate positive returns.

Key Elements to Include for Maximizing Value in a Restaurant IT Budget Planning Process

Budget optimization isn’t about spending less; it’s about ensuring every dollar spent generates appropriate value. The restaurateurs who extract maximum value from technology investments share common practices.

Start with pain points, not products. Identify what’s actually costing you money or time before shopping for solutions. The technology industry excels at creating sophisticated solutions to problems you don’t have.

Negotiate from knowledge. Research typical pricing before vendor conversations. Know what competitors charge. Understand the vendor’s incentives (monthly recurring revenue matters more to them than one-time hardware sales).

Bundle strategically. Vendors often discount heavily when you commit to multiple products or services. But only bundle products you actually need—a 30% discount on unnecessary software still costs more than not buying it.

Consider timing. End-of-quarter and end-of-year are often favorable for negotiation as sales teams push to meet quotas. Conversely, avoid emergency purchases—desperation rarely gets good pricing.

Evaluate total cost of ownership. The $2,000 POS system with $300 monthly fees costs $5,600 in year one. The $4,000 system with $150 monthly fees costs $5,800. The apparent bargain isn’t actually cheaper.

Plan for replacement cycles. POS hardware typically lasts 5-7 years; tablets and printers closer to 3-5 years; networking equipment 5-7 years. Budget for eventual replacement rather than treating it as a surprise.

Invest in training. The most sophisticated system becomes expensive shelfware if staff don’t use it correctly. Budget time and money for initial training and ongoing reinforcement.

Ready to maximize your restaurant’s technology investment? Contact SpecGravity’s IT experts to discuss your specific needs and budget constraints.

Building an effective restaurant IT budget demands respect for both the visible costs that show up in quotes and the hidden expenses that emerge over time. The 2-5% of revenue benchmark provides useful guidance, but the 30-50% first-year premium and 20-40% hidden cost markup tell the more complete story.

Prioritization matters. POS systems, reliable networking, and cybersecurity protection aren’t areas where budget cutting makes sense—these foundational elements determine whether your restaurant can operate effectively at all. Growth-oriented technology like loyalty programs and advanced analytics can wait until your foundation is solid.

The restaurant technology market continues expanding because operators have learned, often through painful experience, that underinvesting in IT creates daily friction that compounds into major operational and financial problems. The owners who view technology as strategic investment rather than overhead consistently outperform those who treat it as an afterthought.

Your technology decisions in the planning phase will affect daily operations for years. Take the time to plan properly, budget realistically, and build relationships with vendors and partners who understand restaurant-specific challenges.

Take the next step in your restaurant technology journey. Explore SpecGravity’s restaurant IT solutions or see how we’ve helped other restaurant operators build technology infrastructure that supports their success.

Frequently Asked Questions

What should be included in a restaurant IT budget? A complete restaurant IT budget covers POS systems, networking infrastructure, cybersecurity, software subscriptions, hardware maintenance, payment processing fees, and a 15-20% contingency fund for unexpected expenses.

How much should a small restaurant spend on technology? Small restaurants should allocate 2-5% of projected annual revenue to technology, with first-year costs running 30-50% higher due to initial hardware purchases and setup expenses.

What is the average cost of a restaurant POS system? Restaurant POS systems range from $1,200 for basic cloud solutions to $25,000+ for comprehensive on-premise systems with multiple terminals, not including ongoing software fees and payment processing costs.

Do restaurants need cybersecurity? Cybersecurity is mandatory for any restaurant accepting card payments; 60% of small restaurants that experience a major data breach close within six months, and PCI compliance is legally required.

Should I choose cloud or on-premise POS for my restaurant? Cloud-based POS systems typically suit new restaurants better due to lower upfront costs, automatic updates, and easier scalability; 67% of new restaurants now choose cloud over on-premise systems.

Can technology reduce restaurant labor costs? Integrated technology solutions reduce restaurant labor costs by 15-25% through automated scheduling, self-service ordering options, kitchen display systems, and improved operational efficiency.

What are the hidden costs in restaurant IT budgets? Hidden costs include software update fees, payment processing charges, integration expenses, training time, data migration, installation fees, and emergency repairs, typically adding 20-40% to initial estimates.

How long does it take to see ROI on restaurant technology investments? Most restaurant technology investments show positive ROI within 6-18 months when properly implemented, with scheduling and inventory systems often paying back within 3-6 months.

What IT investments should a new restaurant prioritize first? New restaurants should prioritize POS systems, reliable internet with backup connectivity, basic cybersecurity protection, and payment processing infrastructure before adding secondary technologies.

How do I plan IT expenses before opening a restaurant? Begin IT planning 6-12 months before opening by conducting a needs assessment, researching vendors, budgeting 2-5% of projected revenue with 30-50% added for first-year setup, and maintaining 20% contingency for unexpected costs.

Current Industry Statistics & Authority References

To better understand the landscape of restaurant technology and financial risks in 2025-2026, consider these authoritative benchmarks:

• Cybersecurity Urgency: The FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) continues to highlight that small businesses, including restaurants, are primary targets for business email compromise and data theft.
  • FBI IC3 2024 State Reports & Trends
• Digital Transformation Impact: Forbes reports that in the 2025-2026 fiscal cycle, restaurants leveraging “Hyper-Automation” (AI-driven scheduling and inventory) see a significantly higher retention rate and lower overhead.
  • Forbes: How AI And Automation Are Transforming The Restaurant Industry
• Small Business Survival Rates: The U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) notes that financial mismanagement—specifically underestimating capital requirements for infrastructure—remains a top reason for first-year failures.
  • SBA: 10 Steps to Start Your Business – Budgeting Basics
• Labor Cost Trends: Data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for 2025 indicates that as labor costs rise, the ROI on “Labor-Saving Technology” (like KDS and kiosks) has shortened to under 6 months for most urban fast-casual concepts.
  • BLS: Occupational Outlook for Food Service Managers

Irina Mihajlovic

Irina Mihajlovic is a content specialist with over five years of experience in writing, SEO, and digital marketing. Currently focused on the hospitality industry, she conducts extensive research to uncover how technology, service, and customer experience connect across multi-location brands. Her work blends storytelling with data-driven insight, helping hospitality professionals simplify complex topics and turn them into practical, actionable content.

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